Evaluation of the Effect of Low-dose Aspirin on the Prevention of Preterm Delivery in Women with a History of Spontaneous Preterm Delivery / Avaliação do efeito da aspirina em baixa dose na prevenção do parto prematuro em mulheres com história de parto prematuro espontâneo

Abstract Objective Currently, uteroplacental vascular disorders are considered one of the main mechanisms of spontaneous preterm delivery (PTD). Low-dose aspirin is used to prevent pre-eclampsia, which has a similar mechanism; hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of low-dose aspirin on the prevention of PTD in women with a history of spontaneous PTD. Methods The present pilot randomized clinical trial was conducted on 54 pregnant women in the aspirin group (taking 80 mg daily until the 36th week and classic treatment) and 53 patients in the control group (only receiving classic treatment). Results Forty-three patients (40%) presented before 37 weeks due to symptoms of PTL. Preterm delivery (< 37 weeks) occurred in 28 patients (26%), and there was no significant difference between the aspirin and control groups (10 patients [19%] and 18 patients [34%], respectively; p = 0.069). The time of preterm delivery was early (< 34 weeks) in 6 patients (21%), and its cause was spontaneous labor in 23 patients (82%) which was not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). Out of 40 patients with spontaneous labor, 25 patients (63%) had a PTD, which was significantly lower in the aspirin group than in the control group (9 patients [45%] versus 16 patients [80%], respectively; p = 0.022). Conclusion The findings of the present study demonstrated that despite the reduction in the incidence of PTD using low-dose aspirin, the reduction rate was not statistically significant. On the other hand, in patients with spontaneous labor prone to PTD, aspirin was effective in reducing the incidence of PTD.

Resumo Objetivo Atualmente, os distúrbios vasculares uteroplacentários são considerados um dos principais mecanismos de parto prematuro espontâneo (PTD). A aspirina em baixa dose é usada para prevenir a pré-eclâmpsia, que tem um mecanismo semelhante; portanto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito da aspirina em baixa dosagem na prevenção de PTD em mulheres com história de PTD espontâneo. Métodos O presente ensaio clínico piloto randomizado foi realizado em 54 gestantes do grupo aspirina (tomando 80 mg diários até a 36ª semana e tratamento clássico) e 53 pacientes do grupo controle (somente tratamento clássico). Resultados Quarenta e três pacientes (40%) apresentaram-se antes de 37 semanas devido a sintomas de PTL. O parto prematuro (< 37 semanas) ocorreu em 28 pacientes (26%) e não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos aspirina e controle (10 pacientes [19%] e 18 pacientes [34%], respectivamente; p = 0,069). O tempo de parto prematuro foi precoce (< 34 semanas) em 6 pacientes (21%) e sua causa foi trabalho de parto espontâneo em 23 pacientes (82%) que não foi significativamente diferente entre os dois grupos (p > 0,05). Das 40 pacientes com trabalho de parto espontâneo, 25 pacientes (63%) tiveram PTD, que foi significativamente menor no grupo aspirina do que no grupo controle (9 pacientes [45%] versus 16 pacientes [80%], respectivamente; p = 0,022). Conclusão Os achados do presente estudo demonstraram que, apesar da redução na incidência de DPT com o uso de aspirina em baixa dosagem, a taxa de redução não foi estatisticamente significativa. Por outro lado, em pacientes com trabalho de parto espontâneo propensas a PTD, a aspirina foi eficaz na redução da incidência de PTD.

Guia practica clinica para el manejo de parto pretermino / Clinical practice guide for the management of preterm birth

El parto pretérmino en la región centroamericana tiene variaciones en cada país, así como la mortalidad perinatal neonatal y materna que se deriva de la condición. La atención adecuada sigue siendo una barrera en las zonas con más limitaciones en los servicios y el personal sanitario disponible. El parto pretérmino es considerado un problema con implicaciones sociales y económicas que produce impacto a corto, mediano y largo plazo (Goldenberg, 2012). El 75% de las complicaciones que genera conllevan a un aumento en la mortalidad infantil. La mayoría de sus factores de riesgo son considerados como prevenibles con la implementación de medidas sencillas y económicas (WHO, 2015). La investigación clínica de esta condición, en una gran mayoría, se ha generado en países de alto ingreso (Opiyo, 2017) 1 . Algunas veces se desconocen los resultados de algunas intervenciones en condiciones de recursos limitados. Esta guía presenta y pretende abordar algunas de estas limitaciones. También alerta sobre algunas intervenciones que pueden producir más problemas y dificultades si se implementan, al considerar los recursos disponibles en los lugares donde se desarrollaron las investigaciones que generaron la evidencia y hacer la comparación con la realidad de los países de Centroamérica en donde se usará la evidencia. Por otra parte, para cada recomendación que en este instrumento se facilita, los resúmenes de evidencia consideran las efectividades clínicas y los efectos adversos cuando han estado disponibles.

Factores de riesgo asociados al trabajo de parto pretérmino en gestantes del Hospital Universitario Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia septiembre-diciembre 2018 / Risk factors associated to preterm labor in pregnant patients in teaching Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia September-December 2018

Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al trabajo de parto pre-término en gestantes del Hospital Universitario Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia, periodo septiembre­diciembre 2018. Método: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y de corte transversal, con una muestra de 52 mujeres. Los datos obtenidos fueron procesados con el sistema Epi-info 7.0. Resultados: el estudio muestra que entre los factores de riesgo más relevantes se encuentra la multiparidad, mostrando que el 65.4 % tuvieron un número mayor a dos embarazos, de las cuales se encontró que el 52.9 % tienen historia de abortos. Otros factores de riesgo asociados a partos prematuros es la enfermedad obstétrica relacionada, con mayor relevancia la anemia, con un 31.6 %, seguida por las infecciones urinarias con un 17.5 %. Conclusión: el estudio demuestra que dentro de los factores de riesgo asociados a partos pretérminos se encuentran la anemia con un 31.6 % y las infecciones urinarias con un 17.5 %, además el 48.1 % de las pacientes tenían una edad gestacional que rondaba entre 33 y 36 semanas de gestación.

Objective: Determine the risk factors associated to preterm labor in pregnant patients in ''Hospital Maternidad Nuestra Señora de la Altagracia'' in Santo Domingo, September­December 2018. Methods: It is a descriptive, retrospective, and a cross-sectional study, with a sample of 52 women. The data collected was processed with the system Epi-info 7.0. Results: The study shows that multiparity is one of the most relevant risk factors for preterm delivery, showing that 65.4% had a number equal or greater than 2 pregnancies, of which 52.9% had a history of abortion. Others risk factors related to preterm delivery is a concomitant diseases within the pregnancy, being the anemia the most relevant with 31.6% and follow up by urinary tract infections with 17.5%. Conclusion: The study shows that within the risk factors associated with preterm delivery, anemia is within 31.6% and the urinary tract infections are 17.5%, Also related to preterm delivery we have the gestational age which was around 33 ­ 36 weeks in 48.1% of the preterm deliveries.

El prematuro tardío, ¿qué sabemos desde el punto de vista perinatal? / The late premature, what do we know from the perinatal point of view?

Resumen El parto prematuro es la principal causa de morbimortalidad neonatal en Chile. Los prematuros tardíos, definidos como nacimientos entre 34 semanas con 0 días (34+0) y 36 semanas con 6 días (36+6) de gestación, representan el 70-80% de los prematuros y se asocian a baja morbilidad y excepcional mortalidad si se comparan con partos bajo 34 semanas, pero significativamente mayor al compararlos con partos de término. Los prematuros tardíos son el resultado de diversas condiciones obstétricas, tales como síndromes hipertensivos del embarazo, rotura prematura de membranas, colestasia intrahepática del embarazo y comorbilidad médica. El propósito de esta revisión es actualizar la información asociada a los prematuros tardíos y dar una visión de las tendencias en el uso de corticoides y el manejo expectante de la rotura prematura de membranas con el objetivo de disminuir las complicaciones en este grupo de prematuros.

Abstract Preterm delivery is the most important cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality in Chile. Late preterm, defined as deliveries between 34 +0 and 36+6-weeks accounts for 70-80% of preterm and is associated with non-severe morbidity and extremely low mortality when compared with deliveries below 34 weeks but significantly high when compared with full term babies. Late preterm deliveries are a result of several obstetric conditions, such a hypertensive disorder, premature rupture of membranes, intrahepatic cholestasis, and maternal medical comorbidities. The purpose of this review is to update the information associated with the risks of late preterm and to guide in the new trends in the application of steroid and expectant management for premature rupture of membranes in order to reduce the frequency of late preterm.

Expression and role of anti-oxidative damage factors in the placenta of preterm infants with premature rupture of membranes / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the association of the anti-oxidative damage factors nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) with preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).@*METHODS@#A prospective study was conducted. The neonates who were hospitalized in Yanbian Hospital from 2019 to 2020 were enrolled as subjects, among whom there were 30 infants with PPROM, 32 infants with term premature rupture of membranes (TPROM), and 35 full-term infants without premature rupture of membranes (PROM). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the inflammatory changes of placental tissue. Immunohistochemical staining was used to measure the expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue. Western blot was used to measure the protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the PPROM group, the TPROM group and the non-PROM full-term group had significantly higher positive expression rates and relative protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the positive expression rates and relative protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue between the TPROM and non-PROM full-term groups (P>0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#The low expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 in placental tissue may be associated with PPROM, suggesting that anti-oxidative damage is one of the directions to prevent PPROM.

Beneficios de los antibióticos en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino y factores que intervienen en la eficacia del tratamiento: revisión narrativa / Benefits of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of membranes and factors involved in the efficacy of the treatment: narrative review

Resumen El parto prematuro es la principal causa de morbilidad y de mortalidad perinatal, y hasta un tercio de los casos presentan rotura prematura de membranas. La infección intrauterina que asciende desde la vagina es su principal causa en un hospital público de Chile. Esta revisión narrativa mediante búsqueda en PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct y Wiley Online Library incluye estudios publicados sobre los diferentes factores infecciosos que intervienen en el resultado adverso perinatal y la eficacia de los antibióticos en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino. Además, contiene recomendaciones de sociedades científicas sobre el uso de antibióticos en estos casos. Los ensayos concluyen que los antimicrobianos prolongan el embarazo, disminuyen la corioamnionitis clínica y reducen variadas morbilidades neonatales, pero no reducen la mortalidad perinatal ni las secuelas tardías en la infancia. Los resultados adversos obstétricos, especialmente los neonatales, y las secuelas dependen de la existencia de invasión microbiana de la cavidad amniótica o de infección cérvico-vaginal, de la virulencia de los microorganismos aislados, del compromiso inflamatorio/infeccioso de la placenta (corioamnionitis histológica, funisitis) y de la respuesta inflamatoria fetal. Para mejorar los resultados adversos obstétricos neonatales en la rotura prematura de membranas de pretérmino, los esquemas de antibióticos deben ser eficaces, cubriendo el amplio espectro microbiológico existente y actuando sobre los factores infecciosos implicados en la gravedad de la infección. Además, deben administrarse de manera intensiva y prolongada hasta el parto.

Abstract Preterm birth is the leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality, and up to a third of them have premature rupture of membranes. Intrauterine infection that rises from the vagina is its main cause in a public hospital in Chile. This narrative review by searching PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, Scielo, Science Direct and Wiley Online Library includes published studies of the different infectious factors involved in perinatal adverse outcome and of the efficacy of antibiotics in preterm premature rupture of membranes. It also contains recommendations from scientific societies on the use of antibiotics in these cases. These trials conclude that antimicrobials prolong pregnancy, decrease clinical chorioamnionitis, and reduce various neonatal morbidities, but do not reduce perinatal mortality or infant sequelae. Obstetric and especially neonatal adverse outcomes in these patients depend on the existence of microbial invasion of the amniotic cavity and/or cervicovaginal infection, of the virulence of the isolated microorganisms, of inflammatory/infectious involvement of the placenta (histological chorioamnionitis, funisitis) and fetal inflammatory response. To improve adverse neonatal obstetric outcomes in preterm premature rupture of membranes, antibiotic regimens must be effective, covering the wide existing microbiological spectrum and acting on infectious factors responsible for the severity of the infection. In addition, they must be administered aggressively and for a long time until delivery.

Desfecho bem-sucedido de um pré-termo com oligoidrâmnio severo e ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) com 18 semanas de gestação: relato de caso / Successful outcome of a preterm infant with severe oligohydramnios and premature rupture of membranes (PROM) at 18 weeks' gestation: case report

RESUMO Introdução: A ruptura prematura de membranas (RUPREME) ocorre em 3-5% das gestações e está relacionada a graves complica- ções maternas e fetais, especialmente se ocorrer abaixo das 24 semanas de idade gestacional (IG). Descrição: Trata-se de relato de caso com ruptura prematura de membranas com 18 semanas de IG e desfecho gestacional favorável. Discussão: Nascimento com 33 semanas de IG, alta hospitalar do após 34 dias na Unidade de Internação Neonatal sem sequelas significativas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Oligoidrâmnios, ruptura prematura das membranas fetais, viabilidade fetal.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) occurs in 3-5% of pregnancies and is related to serious maternal and fetal complications, especially if it occurs below 24 weeks of gestational age (GA). Description: This is a case report with premature rupture of membranes at 18 weeks of GA and favorable gestational outcome. Discussion: Birth at 33 weeks of GA, discharge from hospital after 34 days in the Neonatal Inpatient Unit without significant sequelae. KEYWORDS: Oligohydramnios, premature rupture of fetal membranes, fetal viability, premature birth

Risk Factors for Intrapartum Cesarean Section Delivery in Low-risk Multiparous Women Following at Least a Prior Vaginal Birth (Robson Classification 3 and 4)

Abstract Objective The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk factors for cesarean section (C-section) in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth. Methods The present retrospective study included low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth who gave birth at between 37 and 42 gestational weeks. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the mode of delivery, as C-section Group and vaginal delivery Group. Risk factors for C-section such as demographic characteristics, ultrasonographic measurements, smoking, weight gain during pregnancy (WGDP), interval time between prior birth, history of macrosomic birth, and cervical dilatation at the admission to the hospital were obtained fromthe charts of the patients. Obstetric and neonatal outcomes were compared between groups. Results The most common C-section indications were fetal distress and macrosomia (33.9% [n=77 and 20.7% [n=47] respectively). A bivariate correlation analysis demonstrated that mothers aged>30 years old (odds ratio [OR]: 2.09; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-3.34; p=0.002), parity >1 (OR: 1.81; 95%CI: 1.18-2.71; p=0.006), fetal abdominal circumference (FAC) measurement>360mm (OR: 34.20; 95%CI: 8.04 -145.56; p<0.001)) and<345mm (OR: 3.06; 95%CI: 1.88-5; p<0.001), presence of large for gestational age (LGA) fetus (OR: 5.09; 95%CI: 1.35-19.21; p=0.016), premature rupture of membranes (PROM) (OR: 1.52; 95%CI: 1-2.33; p=0.041), and cervical dilatation<5cm at admission (OR: 2.12; 95%CI: 1.34-3.34; p=0.001) were associated with the group requiring a C-section. Conclusion This is the first study evaluating the risk factors for C-section in low-risk multiparous women with a history of vaginal birth according to the Robson classification 3 and 4. Fetal distress and suspected fetal macrosomia constituted most of the Csection indications.

Preterm premature rupture of membranes: management between 28 and 34 weeks of pregnancy / Ruptura prematura de membranas pré-termo: conduta entre 28 e 34 semanas de gestação

INTRODUCTION: Premature rupture of membranes remains a challenge for professionals due to the high rates of maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality, mainly related to complications resulting from prematurity. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the scientific production about premature rupture of membranes in pregnancies above 28 weeks and below 34 weeks. METHODS: Integrative literature review carried out in the Lilacs, SciELO, Medline and Cochrane Library databases, between 2014 and 2018, in Portuguese, English and Spanish, including original articles, available in full online, with free access, that addressed the study theme, using the keywords "premature rupture of ovular membranes", "premature labor" and "pregnancy complications" combined using the Boolean operators "AND" and "OR". RESULTS: Fourteen studies were included. It was possible to highlight the main recommendations regarding preterm premature rupture of membranes, divided into six categories for discussion, namely: indications for expectant management and delivery induction, prophylactic antibiotic therapy, prenatal corticosteroids, use of tocolytics, recommendations regarding the use of magnesium sulfate and amniocentesis. CONCLUSION: It was identified that expectant management is the ideal approach, with constant monitoring of the pregnant woman and the fetus, in addition to the administration of prophylactic antibiotics and prenatal corticosteroids, in the face of premature rupture of membranes in pregnancies between 28 and 34 weeks in order to provide the best maternal and perinatal results, guiding health professionals to evidence-based practice.

INTRODUÇÃO: A ruptura prematura de membranas continua a ser um desafio para os profissionais devido às altas taxas de morbimortalidade materna e neonatal, relacionada principalmente às complicações decorrentes da prematuridade. OBJETIVO: Analisar a produção científica acerca das evidências frente a ruptura prematura de membranas em gestações acima de 28 semanas e abaixo de 34 semanas. MÉTODOS: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados Lilacs, SciELO, Medline e Cochrane Library, entre 2014-2018, em português, inglês e espanhol, incluídos artigos originais, disponíveis completos online, com acesso livre, que abordassem a temática do estudo, utilizando os descritores "ruptura prematura de membranas ovulares", "trabalho de parto prematuro" e "complicações na gravidez" combinados por meio dos operadores booleanos "AND" e "OR". RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 14 estudos, nos quais foi possível evidenciar as principais recomendações frente a ruptura prematura de membranas fetais pré-termo, divididos em seis categorias para discussão, sendo elas: indicações para o manejo expectante e indução do parto, antibioticoterapia profilática, corticosteroides pré-natais, uso de tocolíticos, recomendações quanto ao uso de sulfato de magnésio e realização de amniocentese. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo possibilitou identificar que o manejo expectante é a conduta ideal, com monitorização constante da gestante e do feto, além da administração de antibióticos profiláticos e corticosteroides pré-natais, frente a ruptura prematura de membranas em gestações entre 28 e 34 semanas a fim de proporcionar os melhores resultados maternos e perinatais, guiando os profissionais da saúde para uma prática baseada em evidências.

Clinical features of very preterm infants with prelabor rupture of membranes and predictive factors for major adverse outcomes / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the clinical features of very preterm infants with prelabor rupture of membranes (PROM) and predictive factors for early-onset sepsis (EOS) and death.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of the very preterm infants with PROM (with a gestational age of < 32 weeks) who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit from January 2018 to May 2020. According to the time from membrane rupture to delivery, the infants were divided into four groups: < 18 hours (@*RESULTS@#There was no significant difference in the incidence rates of major neonatal complications and mortality rate among the very preterm infants with different times of PROM (@*CONCLUSIONS@#Prolonged PROM does not increase the incidence of neonatal complications and mortality in very preterm infants. Adverse outcomes of very preterm infants with PROM are mainly associated with lower birth weights, lung immaturity, and systemic infection.

Influence of premature rupture of membranes on the early prognosis of extremely premature infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To study the influence of premature rupture of membranes (PROM) on the early prognosis of extremely premature infants, and to provide a basis for the management of extremely premature infants and prenatal consultation.@*METHODS@#A total of 179 extremely premature singleton infants who were born from 2017 to 2019 were enrolled. According to the presence or absence of PROM, they were divided into two groups: PROM group (@*RESULTS@#Compared with the non-PROM group, the PROM group had significantly higher incidence rates of earlyonset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) (@*CONCLUSIONS@#PROM increases the incidence rates of early-onset sepsis and NEC in extremely premature infants and does not increase the incidence rates of other adverse outcomes. For pregnant women with PROM at the risk of extremely preterm delivery, prevention of miscarriage and chorioamnionitis is recommended to prolong gestational weeks, reduce the incidence rate of infection, and thus improve the outcome of extremely premature infants.

Active versus expectant management for preterm premature rupture of membranes at 34-36 weeks of gestation and the associated adverse perinatal outcomes / Manejo ativo versus expectante para ruptura prematura de membranas entre 34 e 36 semanas de gestação e os resultados perinatais adversos associados

Abstract Objective: To compare the type of management (active versus expectant) for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) between 34 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation and the associated adverse perinatal outcomes in 2 tertiary hospitals in the southeast of Brazil. Methods: In the present retrospective cohort study, data were obtained by reviewing the medical records of patients admitted to two tertiary centers with different protocols for PPROM management. The participants were divided into two groups based on PPROM management: group I (active) and group II (expectant). For statistical analysis, the Student t-test, the chi-squared test, and binary logistic regression were used. Results: Of the 118 participants included, 78 underwent active (group I) and 40 expectant management (group II). Compared with group II, group I had significantly lower mean amniotic fluid index (5.5 versus 11.3 cm, p = 0.002), polymerase chain reaction at admission (1.5 versus 5.2 mg/dl, p = 0.002), time of prophylactic antibiotics (5.4 versus 18.4 hours, p < 0.001), latency time (20.9 versus 33.6 hours, p = 0.001), and gestational age at delivery (36.5 versus 37.2 weeks, p = 0.025). There were no significant associations between the groups and the presence of adverse perinatal outcomes. Gestational age at diagnosis was the only significant predictor of adverse composite outcome (x2 [1] = 3.1, p = 0.0001, R2 Nagelkerke = 0.138). Conclusion: There was no association between active versus expectant management in pregnant women with PPROM between 34 and 36 + 6 weeks of gestation and adverse perinatal outcomes.

Resumo Objetivo: Comparar o tipo de manejo (ativo versus expectante) para ruptura prematura de membranas (PPROM, na sigla em inglês) entre 34 e 36 semanas e 6 dias de gestação e os resultados perinatais adversos relacionados, em 2 hospitais terciários do sudeste brasileiro. Métodos: No presente estudo de coorte retrospectivo, os dados foram obtidos através da revisão dos prontuários de gestantes internadas em dois centros terciários com protocolos diferentes para o seguimento da PPROM. As gestantes foram divididas em dois grupos com base no manejo da PPROM: grupo I (ativo) e grupo II (expectante). Para análise estatística, foram utilizados o teste t de Student, qui-quadrado e regressão logística binária. Resultados: Das 118 gestantes incluídas, 78 foram submetidas a tratamento ativo (grupo I) e 40 a seguimento expectante (grupo II). Comparado ao grupo II, o grupo I apresentou índice de líquido amniótico médio significativamente menor (5,5 versus 11,3 cm, p = 0,002), reação em cadeia da polimerase na admissão (1,5 versus 5,2 mg/dl, p = 0,002), tempo de antibióticos profiláticos (5,4 versus 18,4 horas, p < 0,001), tempo de latência (20,9 versus 33,6 horas, p = 0,001) e idade gestacional no parto (36,5 versus 37,2 semanas, p = 0,025). Não houve associações significativas entre os grupos e a presença de resultados perinatais adversos. A idade gestacional no diagnóstico foi o único preditor significativo de desfecho composto adverso (x2 [1] = 3,1, p = 0,0001, R2 Nagelkerke = 0,138). Conclusão: Não houve associação entre manejo ativo e expectante em gestantes com PPROM entre 34 e 36 semanas e 6 dias de gestação e resultados perinatais adversos.

Factores maternos de riesgo asociados a ruptura prematura de membranas / Maternal risk factors associated with premature rupture of membranes

Introducción: La ruptura prematura de las membranas se define como la ruptura de las membranas fetales de 12 a 18 horas o más antes del inicio del parto. Objetivo: El objetivo principal de esta revisión bibliográfica es generar conocimiento sobre los factores maternos de riesgo asociados a la ruptura prematura de membranas. Materiales y métodos: Es un estudio descriptivo de búsqueda bibliografía y se ha realizado en Pubmed, Medline, Scielo, bibliotecas de universidades nacionales e internacionales. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo hallados tenemos a la edad menor de 20 y mayor de 35 años (OR: 2.2), procedencia rural (OR: 5.8), unión estable (OR: 2.600), gestante mal nutrida (OR: 4.200), obesidad con (OR: 3), antecedente de aborto (OR: 2,76), la gestación múltiple (OR: 4,5), primigesta (OR: 3.370), gran multípara (OR: 2,10), periodo intergenésico corto (OR: 4.128), RPM previo (OR: 4.265), uso DIU (OR: 3.151), acto sexual antes del RPM (OR: 3,182), Hb 9,9-7,1 grs/dl (OR: 2), metrorragia del 1er y2do trimestre (OR: 3.88), infección cérvico-vaginal (OR: 13), infección urinaria (OR: 2,56). Conclusión: Los principales factores maternos de riesgo que condicionan a la ruptura prematura de membranas, tenemos: Edad menor de 20 y mayor de 35 años, procedencia rural, unión estable, gestante mal nutrida, gestante con obesidad, antecedente de aborto, gestación múltiple, primigesta, gran multípara, periodo intergenésico corto, RPM previo, uso DIU, acto sexual antes del RPM, Hb 9,9-7,1 grs/dl, metrorragia del 1er y 2do trimestre, infección cérvico-vaginal, infección urinaria. (AU)

Introduction: Premature rupture of the membranes is defined as the rupture of the fetal membranes 12 to 18 hours or more before the onset of labor. Objective: The main objective of this literature review is to generate knowledge about the maternal risk factors associated with premature rupture of membranes. Materials and methods: It is a descriptive study of literature search and has been carried out in Pubmed, Medline, Scielo, libraries of national and international universities. Results: The risk factors found are at the age of less than 20 and older than 35 years (OR: 2.2), rural origin (OR: 5.8), stable union (OR: 2,600), pregnant woman poorly nourished (OR: 4,200), obesity with (OR: 3), history of abortion (OR: 2.76), multiple gestation (OR: 4.5), primitive (OR: 3.370), large multiparous (OR: 2.10), short intergenic period (OR : 4,128), previous RPM (OR: 4,265), IUD use (OR: 3,151), sexual act before RPM (OR: 3,182), Hb 9,9-7,1 grs / dl (OR: 2), metrorrhagia 1st and 2nd trimester (OR: 3.88), cervical-vaginal infection (OR: 13), urinary infection (OR: 2.56). Conclusions: The main maternal risk factors that condition premature rupture of membranes, we have: Age under 20 and over 35 years of age, rural origin, stable union, malnourished pregnant woman, pregnant woman with obesity, history of abortion, multiple pregnancy, primitive, large multiparous, short intergenic period, prior RPM, IUD use, sexual intercourse before RPM, Hb 9.9-7.1 grs / dl, 1st and 2nd trimester metrorrhagia, cervical-vaginal infection, urinary tract infection. (AU)

Beneficios maternos en el manejo conservador de ruptura prematura de membranas ovulares (R. P. M) en embarazadas entre las 34 y 37 semanas de gestación atendidas en el Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque, Managua, Nicaragua, Julio - noviembre 2019 / Maternal benefits in the conservative management of premature rupture of ovular membranes (R. P. M) in pregnant women between 34 and 37 weeks of gestation attended at Bertha Calderón Roque Hospital, Managua, Nicaragua, July - November 2019

Objetivo: Determinar los beneficios maternos fetales en el manejo conservador de ruptura prematura de membranas ovulares (R.P.M) en embarazadas entre las 34 y 37 semanas de gestación atendidas en el Hospital Bertha Calderón Roque, Managua, Nicaragua, julio - noviembre 2019. Diseño metodológico: Se realizó estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de corte transversal, con universo y muestra de 89 pacientes y sus 89 neonatos, con (R.P.M). La información fue tomada de los expedientes clínicos, basado en la construcción de 2 instrumentos que contenían preguntas relacionadas a datos sociodemográficos de las pacientes y antecedentes gineco obstétricos, los criterios para el manejo conservador de la RPM y los posibles elementos de los beneficios maternos y los beneficios fetales. La información fue procesada en sistema estadístico SPSS 21.0 para Windows, representada en tablas y gráficos. El análisis fue de frecuencia simple y porcentajes. Resultados: La edad gestacional de diagnóstico de la RPM fue de 24 a 29sg 66.3%, con 100% de bienestar fetal y sin malformaciones, sin criterios de Gibbs en un 98.9%, se encontró infecciones urinarias y vaginales, obesidad y diabetes en un 43.8%. En el 95.5% sin infección puerperal y la finalización del embarazo fue a las 37 semanas en 89.9% por vía vaginal 86.5%. El peso al nacer fue en 79.7% mayor a 2500 gramos, con recién nacidos sanos 96.6%, con apgar de 8 al minuto en 94.4% y 9 a los 5 minutos 97.8%, sin muerte perinatal en un 100%. Conclusión: Los beneficios maternos más evidentes con el manejo conservador fueron la reducción de incidencia de Cesáreas, prolongación del embarazo disminuyendo riesgo de hemorragia posparto, y disminución de infecciones puerperales lo que permitió mantener la prolongación del embarazo y de esta manera lograr los beneficios fetales, adecuado peso al nacer, con buen APGAR, sin complicaciones, infecciosas, metabólicas y respiratorias

Maternal and fetal risk factors associated with late preterm infants / Fatores de risco materno-fetais associados à prematuridade tardia

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine maternal and fetal risk factors associated with the birth of late preterm infants in comparison to those born at term. Methods: A case-control study was carried out in a tertiary center for high-risk pregnancies. For the cases, the study enrolled post-partum mothers and their respective newborns with gestational ages equal or greater than 34 weeks and less than 37 weeks. As controls, the post-partum mothers and their newborns with gestational ages of 37 weeks or greater were selected. The sample was calculated with a ratio of two controls for each case, resulting in 423 patients. Association studies were performed using the chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. Results: The variables associated with late prematurity were inadequate prenatal (Odds Ratio [OR] 1.23; confidence interval of 95% [95%CI] 1.12-1.34; p≤0.001), premature rupture of membranes (OR 4.98; 95%CI 2.66-9.31; p≤0.001), length of hospital stay ≥24 hours until birth (OR 0.18; 95%CI 0.06-0.52; p≤0.001), cesarean section (OR 2.74; 95%CI 1.69-4.44; p≤0.001) and small for gestational age newborn (OR 3.02; 95%CI 1.80-5.05; p≤0.001). Conclusions: Inadequate prenatal care and membranes' premature rupture were found as factors associated with the late preterm birth. It is important to identify the factors that allow intervention with adequate prenatal care in order to reduce poor outcomes due to late prematurity.

RESUMO Objetivo: Determinar fatores maternos e fetais associados ao nascimento de recém-nascidos prematuros tardios, quando comparados aos nascidos a termo. Métodos: Estudo caso-controle em um hospital terciário de referência para atendimento de gestações de alto risco. Foram considerados casos as puérperas e seus respectivos recém-nascidos com idade gestacional maior ou igual a 34 semanas e menor de 37 semanas. Para os controles foram selecionadas as puérperas e seus recém-nascidos com idade gestacional de 37 semanas completas ou mais. A amostra foi calculada com razão de dois controles para cada caso, resultando em um total de 423 pacientes. Estudos de associação foram efetuados utilizando-se o teste do qui-quadrado ou teste exato de Fisher e posterior regressão logística. Resultados: As variáveis associadas à prematuridade tardia foram a realização de pré-natal inadequado (Odds Ratio - OR 1,23; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 1,12-1,34; p≤0,001), a rotura prematura de membranas amnióticas (OR 4,98; IC95% 2,66-9,31; p≤0,001), o tempo de internação ≥24 horas até o nascimento (OR 0,18; IC95% 0,06-0,52; p≤0,001), o parto operatório (OR 2,74; IC95% 1,69-4,44; p≤0,001) e o recém-nascido pequeno para a idade gestacional (OR 3,02; IC95% 1,80-5,05; p≤0,001). Conclusões: Assistência pré-natal inadequada e rotura prematura de membranas destacaram-se como fatores associados ao nascimento de prematuros tardios. Ressalta-se a relevância da identificação de fatores passíveis de intervenção por meio de adequada assistência pré-natal, a fim de reduzir os desfechos desfavoráveis decorrentes da prematuridade tardia.

Guía de manejo de ruptura prematura de membranas / Premature rupture of membranes management guide

La Ruptura Prematura de Membranas (RPM) es la pérdida de la continuidad de las membranas amnióticas con salida de líquido amniótico transvaginal que se presenta antes del inicio del trabajo de parto. La ruptura de las membranas que ocurre prematuramente complica aproximadamente 2 al 3% de todos los embarazos en los Estados Unidos, que representan una proporción significativa de los nacimientos prematuros, mientras que la ruptura prematura de las membranas antes de iniciar el trabajo de parto ocurre en aproximadamente el 8% de los embarazos. Existen dos categorías generales: 1. Ruptura de membranas a término: aquella que ocurre después de las 37 semanas de gestación. 2. Ruptura de membranas pretérmino: la que se presenta antes de las 37 semanas de gestación. Con la finalidad de mejorar la calidad de atención a nuestra población blanco que son mujeres embarazadas con ruptura prematura de membranas se ha elaborado esta guía para estandarizar los procedimientos asistenciales sobre esta patología. Con lo que se pretende realizar una disminución de la incidencia de la ruptura prematura de membranas, diagnóstico oportuno, referencia oportuna y efectiva a cada nivel de atención, prescripción adecuada del tratamiento médico y/o quirúrgico, disminución de la morbi-mortalidad materna y perinatal, disminución en los días de estancia hospitalaria, uso eficiente de recursos con los que se dispone en la institución y lograr obtener la satisfacción de la usuaria con la atención médica y mejora en la calidad de vida.

Cuidados de enfermería basados en Dorotea Orem en ruptura prematura de membrana y oligoamnios / Nursing care in premature membrane rupture and oligohydramnios

La morbilidad materna y perinatal asociada a la ruptura prematura de membranas constituye un problema social y de salud importante, por lo que es primordial estimar su frecuencia y magnitud. Este artículo condensa las intervenciones de enfermería en paciente con ruptura prematura de membranas aplicando el proceso de atención de enfermería (PAE) orientado en la teoría de Dorothea Orem, la cual basa el autocuidado de acuerdo al nivel de dependencia para aplicar una intervención de enfermería obstétrica. La metodología utilizada es el estudio de caso que describe una patología y manejo de un problema el cual se intervino logrando la salud de la madre y su hijo. Participó una gestante de 19 años, con 29 semanas y 5 días de gestación, al valorarla ofreció información sobre su estado actual y antecedentes. Se realizó diagnóstico mediante prueba de helecho y reflejó ruptura prematura de membrana (RPM) que la llevó al oligoamnios, manifestando altura de fondo uterino (AFU) de 19 cm y amenaza de parto pretérmino (APP). El oligoamnios pone en riesgo el crecimiento adecuado del feto, por no ser un embarazo viable para recurrir a un parto. Se realizarón cuidados de enfermería dependientes, procurando un reposo absoluto; e interdependientes manteniendo un equilibrio hídrico, alimentación adecuada, tratando el estreñimiento, prevención de infección y manejo de la ansiedad que puede repercutir en el sueño y comodidad. La asiduidad de los cuidados de enfermería logra una respuesta positiva, al prologar la etapa de gestación hasta una maduración fetal viable para la vida...(AU)

Uso de biomarcadores e introducción a la genómica y proteómica clínica para predecir parto pretérmino y rotura prematura de membranas / Use of biomarkers and introduction to clinical genomics and proteomics to predict preterm birth and premature rupture of membranes

Introducción: la rotura prematura de membranas fetales ocurre espontáneamente antes del inicio del trabajo de parto, de igual manera, el parto pretérmino es el nacimiento que sobreviene antes de las 37 semanas de gestación. Objetivo: determinar la utilidad de biomarcadores como predictores de parto pretérmino y rotura prematura de membranas y la manera en el que pueden intervenir la genómica y proteómica clínica para favorecer la predicción de los mismos. Metodología: se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sistemática en los buscadores: LILACS, CINAHL, COCHRANE, EBSCO, MEDLINE, SCIELO, SCOPUS y PUBMED. Además, se empleó el método analítico optando por la comparación de datos obtenidos mediante un análisis de la aplicación de los biomarcadores. Resultados: se encontraron 45 fuentes bibliográficas, de las cuales se utilizaron 33 artículos científicos relevantes, y se excluyeron 12 debido a que no cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Discusión: existen diferentes biomarcadores que podrían permitir la predicción de parto pretérmino y la rotura prematura de membranas. Los avances de la genómica y proteómica clínica identifican en su mayoría proteínas que presentan diferentes tipos de expansiones en forma de patrones dependiendo del tiempo y de las células que brindan así información genética. Conclusiones: la genómica y la proteómica clínica podrían ser de utilidad a la prevención de las complicaciones asociadas al parto pretérmino y rotura prematura de membranas, debido a sus grandes aportes y nuevos conocimientos en la medicina materno-fetal.

Enfermedad periodontal como factor de riesgo adicional asociado con nacimiento pretérmino en México: un estudio de casos y controles / Periodontal disease as an additional risk factor associated with preterm birth in Mexico: a case-control study

Resumen Introducción: Las sustancias relacionadas con los microorganismos involucrados en la enfermedad periodontal puedan llegar a la interfaz materno-fetal por vía hematógena y estimular la contractilidad uterina. Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre enfermedad periodontal con nacimiento pretérmino. Método: Estudio de casos y controles de 343 embarazadas pretérmino y 686 de término. Se calculó la edad gestacional por fecha de último periodo menstrual y se confirmó con los métodos de Capurro y Ballard. La enfermedad periodontal se diagnosticó por la profundidad del espacio entre la raíz dental y la encía. La asociación fue medida con regresión logística. Resultados: La edad de las madres en los casos fue de 23.8 ± 6.7 años y en los controles de 23.2 ± 6.7 años. La enfermedad periodontal estuvo presente en 66.8 % de los casos y 40.5 % de los controles. Los factores asociados con nacimiento pretérmino fueron enfermedad periodontal (RM = 2.26), antecedente de nacimiento pretérmino (RM = 4.96), embarazo no planeado (RM = 2.15), control prenatal deficiente (RM = 2.53), infección de vías urinarias (RM = 2.22), preeclampsia (RM = 4.49), ruptura prematura de membranas amnióticas (RM = 2.59) y nacer por cesárea (RM = 9.15). Conclusión: La enfermedad periodontal en el embarazo constituyó un factor de riesgo independiente para nacimiento pretérmino.

Abstract Introduction: Substances related to microorganisms involved in periodontal disease can reach the maternal-fetal interface via the hematogenous route and stimulate uterine contractility. Objective: To determine the association between periodontal disease and preterm birth. Method: Case-control study in 343 preterm and 686 full-term pregnant women. Gestational age was calculated based on the date of the last menstrual period and confirmed with Capurro and Ballard methods. Periodontal disease was diagnosed according to the depth of the space between the tooth root and the gum. The association was measured with logistic regression. Results: Maternal age of the cases was 23.8 ± 6.7 years, and 23.2 ± 6.7 in the controls. Periodontal disease was present in 66.8% of cases and 40.5% of controls. The factors associated with preterm birth were periodontal disease (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.26), history of preterm birth (OR = 4.96), unplanned pregnancy (OR = 2.15) poor prenatal control (OR = 2.53), urinary tract infection (OR = 2.22), preeclampsia (OR = 4.49), premature rupture of membranes (OR = 2.59) and caesarean section delivery (OR = 9.15). Conclusion: Periodontal disease in pregnancy was an independent risk factor for preterm birth.

Epidemiological profile of patients with preterm premature rupture of membranes at a tertiary hospital in São Paulo, Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To perform a descriptive analysis of preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) cases attended in a tertiary hospital. METHOD: Retrospective analysis of medical records and laboratory tests of patients admitted to a Brazilian tertiary hospital between 2006 and 2011, with a confirmed diagnosis of PPROM and gestational age (GA) at delivery <37 weeks. RESULTS: A total of 299 pregnant women were included in the study. Nine patients evolved to abortion, and 290 pregnant women remained for the final analysis. There was initial diagnostic doubt in 17.6% of the cases. The oligohydramnios rate [amniotic fluid index (AFI) <5] was 27.9% on admission. Chorioamnionitis was initially diagnosed in 10.8% of the patients and was retrospectively confirmed in 22.9% of the samples. The latency period had a mean of 9.1 days. The main reasons for interruption were premature labor (55.2%), GA ≥36 weeks (27.2%), and fetal distress (6.9%). The delivery method was cesarean section in 55% of cases. The mean birth weight was 2,124 grams, and 67% of the neonates had a low birth weight (<2500 g). The GA at delivery averaged 33.5 weeks. The stillbirth rate was 5.3%, and the early neonatal mortality rate was 5.6%. There were complications at delivery in 18% of mothers. CONCLUSION: In one of the few Brazilian reports on the epidemiological profile of PPROM, with GA until 37 weeks and intercurrences generally excluded from assessments (such as twinning and fetal malformations), there is a favorable evolution, with an acceptable rate of complications.